EPISTEMOLOGICAL PESSIMISM AND EPISTEMOLOGICAL OPTIMISM IN THE CONTEXT OF DANIEL DENNETT’S HETEROPHENOMENOLOGY
Keywords:
Дэниел Деннет, автофеноменология, гетерофеноменология, гносеологический пессимизм, гносеологический оптимизм, мышление, сознаниеAbstract
The article is an extrapolation of the methodological principles of D. Dennett’s heterophenomenology to epistemological problems concerning the limits of human cognition. Scientific novelty of the research. Heterophenomenology provides a holistic vision of both the cognitive process and the cognizing subject. Since any events of reality can be transformed into speech acts, they thereby become knowledge about reality, a set of data. It is enough for the researcher to compile a catalogue of what is considered true in the context of a particular cognitive experience, using the intentional, projective or causal method of interpretation. Heterophenomenology is a principle of data organization. Methods. The article considers two ultimate questions: “Are there types of knowledge that are not available to humans?” and “Does the quality of human reasoning change?” The answer to the first question presupposes the presence of information that is understandable to us, but which is impossible to obtain. The answer to the second question concerns information that we can obtain, but which we will not be able to understand. The position of heterophenomenology points to a way out of the impasse, proposing to focus on the following question: what are the compelling scientific grounds for asserting or believing in something? Regarding the answer to this question in relation to the limits of knowledge (the article focuses mainly on the problems of the origin of life and the origin of consciousness) we propose a pessimistic and optimistic position. Results. Epistemological pessimism exposes the intentional attitude of the reverse perspective, when the interpretation of data is given in connection with the expected possibilities and successful experience of what has already been achieved. Epistemological optimism consists in the study of thoughts, abstracting from their habitat, when thoughts think themselves. Without destroying existing hierarchies, it is possible to create an updated map of the infinite complexity of being each time. Thus, the neutrality of heterophenomenological methodology expands the possibilities of philosophical work with the ultimate questions of human knowledge.Downloads
References
1. Волков, Д. Б. Бостонский зомби: Д. Деннет и его теория сознания /
Д. Б. Волков. — Москва: URSS, 2011. — 315 с. — (Философия сознания). — ISBN 978-5-397-02263-7. — EDN QXDYPX.
2. Кант, И. Критика чистого разума / Пер. с нем. Н.О. Лосского / И. Кант // Кант И. Сочинения: в 8 т. — Москва: Издательство «ЧОРО», 1994. —
Т. 3. — 741 с. — (Мировая философская мысль). — ISBN 5-8497-0003-Х.
3. Касавин, И. Т., Порус, В. Н. Философия науки: экзистенциальный поворот / И. Т. Касавин, В. Н. Порус // Эпистемология и философия науки. — 2023. — Т. 60, № 4. — С. 7–21. — DOI 10.5840/
eps202360452. — EDN IQJCVO.
4. Краусс, Л. Вселенная из ничего. Почему не нужен Бог, чтобы из пустоты создать Вселенную / Пер с англ. А. Бродоцкой / Л. Краусс. — Москва: АСТ, 2016. — 239 с. — (Золотой фонд науки) — ISBN 978-5-17-096627-1.
5. Мейясу, K. После конечности: Эссе о необходимости контингентноcти / Пер. с фр. Л. Медведевой / К. Мейясу. —
Екатеринбург; Москва: Кабинетный ученый, 2015. — 196 с. — ISBN 978-5-7525-3069-2.
6. Паршин, А.Н. Размышления над теоремой Гёделя / Паршин А.Н. // Вопросы философии. — 2000. — № 6. — С. 92–109.
7. Полани, М. Личностное знание: на пути к посткритической философии. / Пер. с англ. М.Б. Гнедовского / М. Полани. — Москва: Прогресс, 1985. — 344 с. — (Для научных библиотек). — ИБ №
12869.
8. Фейнман, Р. Фейнмановские лекции по физике. Т. I (1–2) / Пер. с англ. О. А. Хрусталева / Р. Фейнман. — Москва: АСТ, 2019. — 448 с. — (Феймановские лекции по физике). — ISBN 978-5-
17-113006-0.
9. Хайдеггер, М. Бытие и время / Пер. с нем. В.В. Бибихина / М. Хайдеггер. — Москва: Ad Marginem, 1997. — 451 с. —
ISBN 5-88059-021-6.
10. Хокинг, С. Краткая история времени: От Большого взрыва до черных дыр / Пер. с англ. Н.Я. Смородинской / С. Хокинг. — Санкт-Петербург: ООО «Торгово-издательский дом «Амфора», 2015. — 223 с. — (Популярная наука). — ISBN 978-5-367-03596-4.
11. Юлина, Н. С. Головоломки проблемы сознания: концепция Дэниела
Деннета / Н. С. Юлина. — Москва: Канон+, 2004. — 544 с. — (Современная философия). — ISBN 5-88373-224-0. —
EDN QXPYYH.
12. Юлина, Н. С. Д. Деннет о проблеме ответственности в свете механицистского объяснения человека / Н. С. Юлина // История философии. — 2002. — № 8. — С. 58–77. — EDN NQYKFB.
13. Azevedo, R. D. Significance / R. D. Azevedo // Philosophy Now. — 2024 — No. 162. — P. 24–25.
14. Dennett, D. Brainstorms. Philosophical Essays on Mind and Psychology. — Montgomery, Vermont: Bradford Books, 1978. — 353 p.
15. Dennett, D. Consciousness Explained. — Boston, Massachusetts: Litte,
Brown, 1991. — 511 p.
16. Dennett, D. Content and Consciousness. — London; Boston: Humanities Press, 1969. — 224 p.
17. Dennett, D. Darwin’s Dangerous Idea. Evolution and the Meaning of Life. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995. — 586 p.
18. Dennett, D. Elbow Room: the Varieties of Free Will worth Wanting. — Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1984. — 200 p.
19. Dennett, D. Kinds of Mind. Toward an Understanding of Consciousness. New York: Basic Books, 1996. — 192 p.
20. Dennett, D. The Intentional Stance. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1987. — 388 p.
21. Dennett, D. Who’s On First? Heterophenomenology Explained / D.
Dennett // Journal of Consciousness Studies. — 2023. - No.10. — P. 19–30.
22. Harman, G. Towards Speculative Realism. Winchester, United Kingdom:
Zero Books, 2010. — 219 p.
23. Nagel, T. What is it like to be a bat? / T. Nagel. The Philosophical Review. — 1974. — Vol. 83, no. 4. — P. 435–450. —
DOI 10.2307/2183914.
24. Paul, L. Transformative Experience. New York: Oxford University Press,
2014. — 189 p. — DOI 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198717959.001.0001.
25. Tallis, R. The How & Why of Consciousness / R. Tallis // Philosophy
Now. — 2023. — No. 159. — P. 62–63.
26 . Thompson, E. Death: The Ultimate Transformative Experience / E.
Thompson // Becoming Someone New. Essays on Transformative Experience, Choice, and Change / E. Lambert and J. Schwenkler (ed.). — New York: Oxford University Press, 2020. — P. 1–30. — DOI
10.1093/oso/9780198823735.003.0016.
1. Volkov, D.B. (2011). Boston Zombie: D. Dennett and His Theory of
Consciousness. Moscow, Publ. URSS, 320 p. ISBN 978-5-397-02263-7. https://elibrary.ru/qxdypx.
2. Kant, I. (1994). Kritik der reinen Vernunft, trans. by N.O. Losskij, in: Kant, I.
Works: in 8 vol. Moscow, Publ. ChORO, vol. 3, 741 p. ISBN 5-8497-0003-Х.
3. Kasavin, I.T., Porus, V.N. (2023). Philosophy of Science: The Existential
Turn. Epistemology & Philosophy of Science, 60 (4), pp. 7–21. https://doi.org/10.5840/eps202360452. https://elibrary.ru/iqjcvo.
4. Krauss, L. (2016). A Universe from Nothing: Why There Is Something Rather Than Nothing, trans. by A. Brodockaya. Moscow, Publ. AST, 239 p. ISBN 978-5-17-096627-1.
5. Meillassoux, Q. (2015) After Finitude: An Essay on the Necessity of Contingency, trans. by L. Medvedeva. Ekaterinburg; Moscow, Publ. Kabinetnyi uchenyi, 196 p. ISBN 978-5-7525-3069-2.
6. Parshin, A.N. (2000). Reflections on Gödel’s Theorem. Russian Studies in
Philosophy, (5), pp. 92–109.
7. Polanyi, M. (1985). Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical
Philosophy, trans. by M.B. Gnedovskij. Moscow, Publ. Progress, 1985, 344 p.
8. Feynman, R. (2019). The Feynman Lectures on Physics. Vol. I (1–2), trans. by O.A. Khrustalev. Moscow, AST, 448 p. ISBN 978-5-17-113006-0.
9. Heidegger, M (1997). Sein und Zeit, trans. by V.V. Bibikhin. Moscow, Ad
Marginem, 451 p. ISBN 5-88059-021-6.
10. Hawking, S. (2015). A Brief History of Time, trans. by N.Ya. Smorodinskaya. Saint Petersburg, Publ. Amfora, 223 p.
ISBN 978-5-367-03596-4.
11. Yulina, N.S. (2004). Puzzles of the Problem of Consciousness: Daniel
Dennett’s Concept. Moscow, Publ. Kanon+, 544 p. ISBN 5-88373-224-0.
12. Yulina, N.S. (2002). D. Dennett on the problem of responsibility in light of the mechanistic explanation of man. History of Philosophy, ( 8), pp. 58–77. https://elibrary.ru/nqykfb.
13. Azevedo, R.D. (2024). Significance. Philosophy Now, (162), pp. 24–25.
14. Dennett, D. (1978). Brainstorms. Philosophical Essays on Mind and
Psychology. Montgomery, Vt., Bradford Books, 353 p.
15. Dennett, D. (1991). Consciousness Explained. Boston, MA, Litte, Brown, 511 p.
16. Dennett, D. (1969). Content and Consciousness. L.; Boston, Humanities
Press, 224 p.
17. Dennett, D. (1995). Darwin’s Dangerous Idea. Evolution and the
Meaning of Life. N.Y., Simon & Schuster, 586 p.
18. Dennett, D. (1984). Elbow Room: the Varieties of Free Will worth Wanting. Cambridge, Mass., The MIT Press, 200 p.
19. Dennett, D. (1996). Kinds of Mind. Toward an Understanding of
Consciousness. N.Y., Basic Books, 192 p.
20. Dennett, D. (1987). The Intentional Stance. Cambridge, Mass., The MIT Press, 388 p.
21. Dennett, D. (2023). Who’s On First? Heterophenomenology Explained. Journal of Consciousness Studies, (10), pp. 19–30.
22. Harman, G. (2010). Towards Speculative Realism. Winchester, UK, Zero
Books, 219 p.
23. Nagel, T. (1974). What is it like to be a bat? The Philosophical Review, 83 (4), pp. 435–450. https://doi.org/10.2307/2183914.
24. Paul, L. (2014). Transformative Experience. N.Y., Oxford University Press, 189 p. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:o
so/9780198717959.001.0001.
25. Tallis R. (2023). The How & Why of Consciousness. Philosophy Now, (159), pp. 62–63.
26. Thompson, E. (2020). Death: The Ultimate Transformative Experience,
in: E. Lambert and J. Schwenkler (ed.) Becoming Someone New. Essays on
Transformative Experience, Choice, and Change. N.Y., Oxford University
Press, pp. 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/
oso/9780198823735.003.0016.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
